Europe’s drive for digital sovereignty is gaining momentum as governments across the continent reconsider their heavy dependence on American technology providers and explore alternatives to Big Tech infrastructure. The push for digital sovereignty reflects growing concerns over political risk, data control and long-term strategic autonomy.
Dependence on US tech giants
European institutions and companies have long relied on US technology for core digital services. Amazon, Microsoft and Google dominate cloud computing, while Apple, Meta and other US firms underpin daily communication, productivity tools and public sector systems.
According to recent estimates, US providers control around 70% of Europe’s cloud market, while most enterprise software spending also flows to American companies. This deep integration has created a structural dependency that now lies at the centre of the digital sovereignty debate.
“Kill switch” concerns and political risk
Fears have intensified that geopolitical tensions could expose Europe to disruption of critical digital services. Some policymakers warn that sanctions or regulatory action from Washington could restrict access to key platforms or tools.
This has fuelled discussion of a potential “kill switch” scenario, where US legal authority over its companies could indirectly impact European governments and institutions. Surveys suggest a majority of Europeans consider such risks plausible, reinforcing the urgency behind digital sovereignty strategies.
National strategies to reduce dependency
Across the EU, several governments are actively developing plans to reduce reliance on US tech.
France has begun limiting the use of certain foreign digital tools in public administration and is pushing ministries to adopt sovereignty strategies. Germany has taken one of the most advanced approaches, with Schleswig-Holstein gradually replacing Microsoft systems with open-source alternatives such as LibreOffice and Linux.
These transitions aim to strengthen digital sovereignty, but they also highlight the complexity and cost of replacing deeply embedded systems.
Amsterdam’s gradual transition model
Amsterdam is pursuing a slower and more structured approach. Instead of a rapid exit, the city plans a phased transition to European or local infrastructure by 2035.
Officials warn that overdependence on a single provider could create systemic risks, particularly if access to services like email, welfare systems or public administration platforms is disrupted. The Dutch approach prioritises continuity while gradually advancing digital sovereignty goals.
Challenges and limitations
Despite political momentum, the transition away from US technology remains difficult. High switching costs, technical integration issues and limited European-scale alternatives continue to slow progress.
Early adopters of open-source systems have reported operational disruptions, increased workloads and training challenges. These issues underline that achieving true digital sovereignty will require long-term investment, coordination and political commitment across the EU.
Outlook
Europe’s shift toward digital sovereignty marks a significant strategic turning point. While full independence from US technology is unlikely in the near term, governments are increasingly focused on reducing risks, diversifying suppliers and building stronger domestic digital ecosystems.
Featured photo: Natália Delgado/POLITICO
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